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Theme played for free in Enlightenment Italy

Late Eighteenth century was a particularly happy

for the cultural life of Milan in Lombardy, in fact, passed in 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht, under the control of Austria, liberated from English misrule. Monarchs open to reforms, such as Maria Teresa and his son, Joseph II of Habsburg, introduce innovations that give, in the decade 1770-80, the first positive results. We recall in particular the creation of geometric cadastre of immovable property which places the ownership of land on a sound basis, adjust the tax revenue, provide facilities to the most enterprising farmers, without damaging the aristocracy, which is based on the rational exploitation of its wealth of fertile Po Valley.
intellectuals, mostly of aristocratic or upper-class extraction, are called to work together: they receive positions of responsibility and sometimes they are accredited consultants to improve the legislation and the opportunity to control key choices in monetary or business relationships.
Pietro Verri (1728-1797) is a convincing example of this intellectual figure fell into civilian life: called to be part of the Government in 1770 for tax reform, gets the abolition of private tax collection contracts. As president of the Chamber Magistrate (the equivalent of the finance department), strives to better reorganize the tax system. Meanwhile, spread in Europe that he enucleates new ideas in the Meditations on Political Economy (1771).
The cultural movement of the Enlightenment (so named because the intellectuals who trust solely in the light of reason) was born in England and spread rapidly in France, Italy and elsewhere in Europe. The Enlightenment enhance a working culture, which supports the development of science and technology. Recall that the most significant work of this movement, the Encyclopedia (in 17 volumes published between 1751 and 1772, plus subsequent volumes of plates), receives from its founders and organizers, Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Baptiste d'Alembert (1717-1783), a significant subtitle: Dictionary sciences, arts and crafts, by an association of writers. It together with articles and papers on various items, the most prestigious names in French of the time: Voltaire (1694-1778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) , Claude-Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771), Étienne de Condillac (1715-80), Paul-Henri D'Holbach (1723-89), the naturalist George-Louis Buffon (1707-88), economists Robert Turgot (1727 -81) and François Quesnay (1694-1774).
They spread newspapers on the model of the Spectator (1711) John Addinson of English, an information tool for the public at large, and the unscrupulous Tatler ("The Tatler") by Richard Steele.
In Milan this culture, progress-oriented, attentive to the practical problems of man, ready to intervene in the management of the public interest, is attentive interlocutors. Thus was born the Company of punches and a periodical, The Cafe, published from June 1744 to maggio1766. They are distinguished by commitment and number of interventions, the brothers Alessandro and Pietro Verri (1741-1816), but the employee is the most prestigious Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), the author of a real best-seller, the Treaty On Crimes and Punishments (1764) which shows the ineffectiveness of the death penalty and torture in the prevention of crimes.