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Theme done to Betrothed

In the opinion of the Director of Museums Manzoni di Lecco

prof. Gianluigi Dhaka, when the Manzoni said in his novel to have been inspired by historical events found in the manuscript of an anonymous, told the truth, only the hero of those events was his great-grandfather, whose name was Mary James, who lived in the area of \u200b\u200bLecco in the first half of the seventeenth century. The documents are in the family of the writer.

Here is the story that almost begins around 1610. Lecco and Valsassina were the zones of maximum production of iron around the Duchy Lombardo. Two prominent families, the Manzoni in Lecco and Barzio (headed by James just Mary) and Arrigoni of Introbio (led by Emilio), controlled the entire production of iron mines and foundries of Valsassina workshops to produce muskets and cannon balls. They had a lot of employees, very strong financial resources and solid connections with the political, administrative and judicial. Each made use of a true legion of "good" talks aimed at resolving the business with the weapons of the threat of kidnapping and even murder. The two families were the sole control of the blast furnace of Premana, a structure which employed 150 people.

In the State are the acts of two long and complex legal proceedings. One concerns the procedure for murder against Mary James, accused I did kill a Arrigoni, a women's issue. In the other accused person is always Mary James, but this time on charges of Arrigoni is to be an infector, that he had sent around the Monatti to anoint people or things with infective material, to destroy the family of the Arrigoni ( the plague broke out in Milan and Lecco in 1630). · Was the Senate of Milan who, concerned about the spread of the plague, the lawyer Marco Antonio Bossi commissioned to conduct a detailed investigation. Monatti three were arrested and subjected to torture, confessed who he was the instigator. At the end of the long trial they were convicted and executed, but Mary James, with its guards, managed to get by. The court had decided a charge of investigations from which it turned out he had been the victim of the rivalry of Arrigoni. But these did not surrender in 1640 and finally managed to dull the Manzoni.

Now the similarities with the novel are very clear: *

almost all of the facts narrated are the same;
* sites are the same;
* like the protagonists of the events and characters supporting actors;
* the same historical period;
* the similarities stand out especially with the first draft of the novel and the history of the infamous column;
defense attorney James * Maria, describing Emilio Arrigoni, use phrases that are the same Manzoni uses to describe the count of the churchyard in Fermo and Lucia;
* Giacomo Maria's behavior is identical to that of Don Rodrigo,
* tales of the plague are similar;
* description of how it is decided the sentence to James Mora died in the infamous column is identical to that which gives the Bossi as a memorial to the ruling of the three Monatti.

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Free Inspiration Theme played a free Introduction The Betrothed

Alessandro Manzoni's The Betrothed began writing the

April 24, 1821, while he is with his family in the beautiful villa Brusuglio, set in the countryside, not far from Milan. Times are tough: the Austrian police in the city is shutting down, a one, the Patriots affiliated to the Carbonari secret society. The year before he was arrested and now Peter Maroncelli are ongoing processes in which employees are also involved in the Conciliator, including the editor of the newspaper, Pellico (1789-1854).
Many of them are friends and acquaintances who hopes Manzoni, in his refuge, not to be involved or required to undergo lengthy interrogations.
has with him some books: Stories of Giuseppe Ripamonti Milan (1573-1643) and the rate of Melchiorre Gioia (1767-1829) on trade in edible and high price of food, where he reads the passage of a proclamation (law enacted by Governor of Milan, so called because it was shouted in the streets by public officials in order to inform the public, often illiterate) of the seventeenth century, which imposes severe penalties for those who would prevent the celebration of a marriage. Within forty days
Manzoni extends the introduction of jet and the first two chapters of the novel, in reality, is identified in the mind for some years and represents a real challenge, for its formal novelty and content. Reconstruct the process of designing, drafting and revision of this masterpiece also means opening a section on the cultural life of the nineteenth and dive in the fascinating phase of Italian culture that follows and supports the early stages of the process of national unification.

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Theme played free creation of the Betrothed

idea Manzoni The Betrothed

reading a proclamation of the seventeenth century, reported by Melchiorre Gioia. It's the same entered in the third chapter of the novel, about the penalties faced by those who would prevent the celebration of a marriage. "You know what it was that gave me the idea of \u200b\u200bThe Betrothed? It was the screams that came under the eyes to combination, and I do read, in fact, Dr. Renzo Azzecca-tangles to where they are, among other things, criminal penalties against those who threaten a priest because I'm not a marriage. And I thought, this would make a good subject for a novel (a thwarted marriage), and for the grand final plague that fixes everything ", write Manzoni, years later, his stepson Stephen Press.
been years of hard work. So imagine Peter Cited intent in his creative effort: "It was the happiest period of his life: the only, perhaps, happy that he knew ... He was intrigued and amused by what he told, and for the first time discovered bring the joy of adventure, intrigue to dissolve, to play with the facts ... even the neuroses and nightmares for some time seemed to loosen their grip on him. "
Getting to the novel? What are the inner urgencies that close to this type of production, almost absent in Italy, considered even with a kind of sufficiency by intellectuals, one directed towards an audience non-bourgeois "experts"? In fact
Manzoni understand that neither civil nor the lyric theater that meet communication needs "broad range" that is his deepest yearnings. Indeed, the characters of the theater and becomes almost symbols, stand in a sphere which involves abstract meditation existential Adelchi is a hero, locked in the circle of his sublime pessimism. How many readers can identify with him, while sharing the principles and aspirations?
The novel, however, presents itself to the general public with a simpler language, a story compelling, lifelike characters for their very human reactions. The genre of the novel is the literary image of the class bourgeois is a public non-elite and yet eager to read. Thank
Fauriel, during the second stay in Paris, Manzoni has known the works of Scottish Walter Scott: with him it comes to historical fiction because the sentimental lives of the protagonists are lowered into well-defined historical periods and mostly in the Middle Ages, reconstructed with a certain reliability. Ivanhoe is in the fertile vein of Scott's fiction, the most famous novel, published in 1820. As you can see easy to read, Ivanhoe is set on the juxtaposition of good and bad persecuted persecutors, who will find the right punishment. Love, long mortified and nearly canceled the arrogance of "bad", the end results in marriage blessed. Alessandro Manzoni includes the huge potential of literature contained in the novel. In Italy this experiment is not yet completed. Runs only the epistolary novel by Ugo Foscolo Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (1817), partly autobiographical character, where the theme of love that unites the country subservient to an alien. James, disappointed in the hopes of marrying his beloved and disappointed that the Treaty of Campoformio of 1797 the Republic of Venice has fallen into the hands of the Austrians, kills himself.

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Theme played for free in Enlightenment Italy

Late Eighteenth century was a particularly happy

for the cultural life of Milan in Lombardy, in fact, passed in 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht, under the control of Austria, liberated from English misrule. Monarchs open to reforms, such as Maria Teresa and his son, Joseph II of Habsburg, introduce innovations that give, in the decade 1770-80, the first positive results. We recall in particular the creation of geometric cadastre of immovable property which places the ownership of land on a sound basis, adjust the tax revenue, provide facilities to the most enterprising farmers, without damaging the aristocracy, which is based on the rational exploitation of its wealth of fertile Po Valley.
intellectuals, mostly of aristocratic or upper-class extraction, are called to work together: they receive positions of responsibility and sometimes they are accredited consultants to improve the legislation and the opportunity to control key choices in monetary or business relationships.
Pietro Verri (1728-1797) is a convincing example of this intellectual figure fell into civilian life: called to be part of the Government in 1770 for tax reform, gets the abolition of private tax collection contracts. As president of the Chamber Magistrate (the equivalent of the finance department), strives to better reorganize the tax system. Meanwhile, spread in Europe that he enucleates new ideas in the Meditations on Political Economy (1771).
The cultural movement of the Enlightenment (so named because the intellectuals who trust solely in the light of reason) was born in England and spread rapidly in France, Italy and elsewhere in Europe. The Enlightenment enhance a working culture, which supports the development of science and technology. Recall that the most significant work of this movement, the Encyclopedia (in 17 volumes published between 1751 and 1772, plus subsequent volumes of plates), receives from its founders and organizers, Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Baptiste d'Alembert (1717-1783), a significant subtitle: Dictionary sciences, arts and crafts, by an association of writers. It together with articles and papers on various items, the most prestigious names in French of the time: Voltaire (1694-1778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) , Claude-Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771), Étienne de Condillac (1715-80), Paul-Henri D'Holbach (1723-89), the naturalist George-Louis Buffon (1707-88), economists Robert Turgot (1727 -81) and François Quesnay (1694-1774).
They spread newspapers on the model of the Spectator (1711) John Addinson of English, an information tool for the public at large, and the unscrupulous Tatler ("The Tatler") by Richard Steele.
In Milan this culture, progress-oriented, attentive to the practical problems of man, ready to intervene in the management of the public interest, is attentive interlocutors. Thus was born the Company of punches and a periodical, The Cafe, published from June 1744 to maggio1766. They are distinguished by commitment and number of interventions, the brothers Alessandro and Pietro Verri (1741-1816), but the employee is the most prestigious Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), the author of a real best-seller, the Treaty On Crimes and Punishments (1764) which shows the ineffectiveness of the death penalty and torture in the prevention of crimes.

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Theme done justice in a free Betrothed

"The provocative, the spare, all those who, by any means,

others are wrong, are guilty not only of the evil they commit, but the perversion which still bear the souls of hurt "(" The Betrothed "Chapter II). Manzoni, sounding sad and quiet, to lead to a reflection Moral his readers (valid for all time to come and not just for the seventeenth century) uses of history, real and imaginary, to clarify what each of us is responsible with their actions of the others. You take the court.

From the first pages of "The Betrothed," the company Manzoni presents a spare, violent, where the issues (as the same Don Abbondio, during the interview with Renzo) are not discussed in terms of wrong or right, but in terms strength. The main responsible for this dramatic situation, are, according to the author, the various local lords and squires, who, having a high influence on the judicial institutions and protected by small armies of personal good, easily circumvent the proclamations for to assert its power of oppression on the population. The climate of injustice and violence is therefore determined by the still strong feudal power, personified in the figure of Don Rodrigo, the total inefficiency of the judiciary and the English, whose organization is bureaucratic, slow and cumbersome, it fails to provide citizens the necessary protection. Thus, the only "justice" is respected and that of Don Rodrigo those who, like him, have violence as a means of domination. But not enough. Even the intellectuals, men of the church as not, are subservient to the cause of power, and are forced to accept the logic of exploitation. Don abundance, the Azzecca-tangles, common people, people in itself harmless, far from the blood and violence, become, with the same culture they have, the victims and the instruments of oppression. Clearly then, at this point, the meaning of the words of Manzoni: the oppressors, not merely to engage in violence against the weak, but also involving men in their logical first outsiders to the terrible system of 'organized injustice. "
However, apart from the intellectual become an instrument of power in the hands, stained with murder, the author's words also refer to another kind of induction to violence and hatred: the daily incidents that give rise to the oppression of poor people. From the bottom of society, you see it go, as well as tears of the weak exploited, even their words of anger, hatred, anger, revenge. And it is here that the Manzoni wrote his maxim: "The provocative, the spare, all those who in any way, do wrong to others, are guilty not only of the evil they commit, but the perversion which still carry the minds of the offended. " In fact, after learning the truth, namely that its married Lucia is prevented by the will of Don Rodrigo, the first reaction is to design Renzo terrible thoughts of revenge. Suddenly, the figure of Renzo upsets, the young and "peaceful and alien blood" that was, it turns into a would-be murderess. He wants to end it and, even with its very limited means, to drown in blood the arrogance of Don Rodrigo. In his mind whirling suddenly ugly draft death traps, murder and revenge. His metamorphosis, rapid and dramatic and desperate strikes the reader and leads him to reflect on the words of the author. It is the vicious circle of hatred and violence (the strong oppressing the weak who learns to hate as well) that transforms human history, and not only that of the seventeenth century, an immense carnage, in a large valley of anger and oppression. But at this point fall on the theme of divine providence, so dear to Manzoni, which provides a way to break the cycle that adds evil to evil. Just as the image of Lucy gives the reason in the mind of Renzo and brings them back his way, as well as his firm belief in God and in divine justice, bring light into the darkness of the sinister thoughts of Renzo, providence promises weak redemption and the redemption from oppression, as long as he is the first to break the circle of blood, not responding to violence with violence (in the Gospel, Christ himself says: "If they give you a slap in the face, you do not answer, but turn the other cheek "). Lucy herself cry alarmed Renzo, felt his intentions:" No, no, for heaven's sake! The Lord is for the poor, and how you want to help us, if we form of evil?. "In these words, Manzoni leaves us with a profound message, trust in divine justice as the only means of rebellion to the logic of violence that, in every abuse of power, the specter of the evil that hovers over all of human history.

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Theme played free of Fortune Manzoni

Manzoni's Luck in the pages of literary criticism

already begins at the time of his youth, when Vincenzo Monti Ugo Foscolo and appreciate the budding poet. The Betrothed were highly successful and within a year, thirteen editions are printed, some in German, French, English.
The critic who contributes to truly know the work of Manzoni in Italy is Francesco De Sanctis that the author devotes an entire course in 1877. Critics of the poet Manzoni Giosue Carducci, who remains silent bourgeois conformism, while the philosopher and critic Benedetto Croce says that Manzoni's novel contains no poetry, but is by public speaking, Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) in his accusation of paternalism Manzoni attitude to the humble, wise in the national life and literature (1950), molded in the Prison Notebooks (1972). The prosecutors
Search De Sanctis and Croce, to date, the most acute interpreters of the work Manzoni. Attilio Momigliano, Luigi Russo and many others, trying to highlight, in addition to the various themes and concepts of the characters, the poetic unity is the fundamental message of the work human Manzoni. Michele Barbi designs in 1939 national edition of the works of Manzoni, and in the fifties, implementing a critical edition of three editions of the novel, critical to allow useful comparative tests. Most recent scholars (G. Petrocchi, L. Firpo, L. Caretti, G. Vigorelli, D. De Robertis, V. Spinazzola, D. Isella, E. Raimondi, M. Vitale, M. Corti, U. Eco) endeavor to illustrate the relationships between Manzoni and culture Italian and European of his time, considering the extent to which they are filtered through the literary work.
Natalia Ginzburg, in The Family Manzoni (1983), reconstructed, through correspondence, the complex and diverse "environment" Manzoni, are relatives, friends and collaborators.

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Theme played free Fermo and Lucia played

Betrothed The first draft of the edition is very different final

which will see the light almost two decades later, in 1840. The author, in two years writing the novel in four volumes, tentatively titled Fermo and Lucia, by the name of the protagonists. The composition began in 1821 and ending in 1823, with some interruptions. In addition to novels circulating in those years and that are published around 1820, like that of Walter Scott, Manzoni chronicles and draws on the works of historians of the seventeenth century. Remember: De fever Mediolani quae Fuit years MDCXXX (The plague which broke out in Milan in 1630), and Historiae Patriae (The stories of the country, in 23 books) by Giuseppe Ripamonti (1573-1643), the Raguaglio of Alessandro Tadini (1580 - 1661), Milan doctor who diagnosed the plague and its causes as well as works of the economist Melchiorre Gioia, a contemporary of Manzoni.
The news that the eye is immediately struck by the fact that characters are the protagonists of humble origin and the setting is in rural. No riders or bridesmaids, tournaments, ambushes and battles to the death, but only situations which, transposed in different eras, they could see anyone involved. Of course there are exceptional events, such as plague, war, the kidnapping of the protagonist, a sensational conversion, however, Manzoni presents with extreme realism. In fact he believes in the need to recast in the novel, the true historical and poetic invention: the writer thinks that literature, to have an educational, can not give itself as a moment of awareness and stimulate reflection. So must envisage the characters, events, situations, circumstances, scenes, dialogues and soliloquies in which the reader can identify. Why
the choice of the humble as heroes? And why a historical novel? Certainly no stranger to the Christian concept of Manzoni and his opinion that history is made by ordinary people, from the mass people, rather than the elites in power. Of course it is a narrative in which a story of love is shown inserted in a precise and on which the author is documented with meticulous care. At this point we return once again to the happy combination of truth and fantasy that gives the novel realism and universality.
Explanation: the environment and human types studied rigorously selected by the author refer to reality. The protagonists are not exceptional creatures, but ordinary people as it is everywhere and in every age. The characters 'historical', ie those generated from the chronicles, are never to be reproduced without distorting (or "novel") to historical sources, but it is these characters take on a special charm when the author tries to illuminate their psychology and imagine what that the news can not say, that their inner drama, the bundle of restlessness, fears, contradictions, reflections, the compromises that lead them to choices and decisions they have suffered. The author reconstructs them from inside, he invented the spiritual process that made them who passed historians. To this must appeal to his literary art of poetry, his sensitivity, and, why not, even to his personal experience: those who would deny that, to rebuild the hard conversion of the Unnamed, Manzoni has rethought "his" conversion?
Another question: why the seventeenth century? You can answer, remembering the deep patriotism of Manzoni. In the century of English rule in the Milanese, he sees many similarities with his time, which is subject to the Austrians in Lombardy and still appear bullying and violence. As in those days were the humble at the mercy of political forces, so now the rights of citizens are violated and their just demands of freedom are suppressed. The story is set in the territory of the Duchy of Milan and lasts for two years, from 1628 to 1630. The protagonists are two young villagers who can not marry because the squire of the area has infatuated the bride. After a long journey (the engaged couple are separated but can be found, then, in dramatic circumstances) the marriage is celebrated.

The novel is not at all satisfactory to the author who gives it to friends in reading and Fauriel Visconti. This suggests some substantial cuts, to change a structure unbalanced in parts of lengthy and confusing. At this point, however, the author understands that this is not just writing a good story happened in the past, to compose a novel that knows how to amuse and entertain the reader feels within himself the urgent need to convey a universal message and to give to his work as an educational function, already above target of his masterpieces. It should, therefore, gain in simplicity and clarity, giving this particular character that allows people to tell the story of a life experience.
In 1825 the four volumes have been reduced to three, more agile and organic interweaving. In the 1827 edition here (called "ventisettana) The Betrothed - History of the seventeenth century Milanese discovered and restored by Alessandro Manzoni, two thousand copies were sold out within two months. The title is particularly striking: the author, in fact, is in the role of discoverer and rifacitore in Milan in use in his day, an old seventeenth-century manuscript, composed by a mysterious anonymous: not a very original trick, if we already used it to Ludovico Ariosto's Orlando furioso (1532) and Miguel de Cervantes if they have served for the Don Quixote (1605-16015).

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Theme Free Europe and the novel's characters

In the Europe of the early nineteenth century, however,

the novel has established itself for nearly a century. Appears in France in 1678 with the touching story of the Princesse de Cleves told by Madame de La Fayette: set in the middle of the sixteenth century, the court of Henry II, is the story of a passion held in check by a sense of honor and duty . Adventure and philosophical inquiry are combined in Voltaire's novel Candide (1759) in which a young man, after many adventures, marries his beloved, now old and ugly, but she finds the meaning of life. In
Betrothed travel departures, separations, research, the chance encounters are quite frequent and, at the base, is the typical mechanism of adventure stories. On the other hand, the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his novel La Nouvelle Eloise (1761), continues the theme of love thwarted by a sense of duty, creating an incomparable model of romantic heroine in the figure of Julia, daughter obedient and faithful wife which, subject to the reservations, we could pull over to Lucy. The theme of travel, shipwreck, the difficulties to which man, with science, knows remedy back in the Robinson Crusoe (1719) of English Daniel Defoe, and the reason of injustice and wickedness of the noble young man who doggedly on a poor show in Tom Jones (1749) by Henry Fielding.
Needless to say, all these novels are resolved with a happy ending: the plot is exposed and persecuted receives the right amount of reward, just as in "The Betrothed, Alessandro Manzoni's novel even though there is a component that is absent in all others: religious vision. We had anticipated this observation to avoid misinterpretations. In the eighteenth century, within the genre "Gothic" novels appear "blacks" in which the heroes move on dark backgrounds of castles populated by mysterious and superhuman forces, stymied by evil that evoke otherworldly powers: this is the content of the Castle of Otranto (1764) English Horace Walpole, in which emerged the figure of the girl that because of the persecution of the noble bully, can not marry the young man she loves. The Nun (1796) French Denis Diderot, narrates the adventures of a young woman who enters a convent, forced by his family: we can not think of the famous story of the nun of Monza Manzoni, even if the story of this character is rescued from the seventeenth-century chronicles of Ripamonti. The Monaco (1796), by Matthew Gregory Lewis, is a typical example of the gothic novel in which horror, eroticism, suspense and violence mix captivated the reader. Do not forget that even in the Betrothed there are kidnappings and twists, and characters that might appear to be well defined as "oppressors".
The great German writer Wolfgang Goethe (1739-1842) suggests that the theme of the Foscolo unhappy in Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis with the novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774), which tells the story of an impossible love for the beautiful Carlotta. Yet another of his novels, The Years of Apprenticeship of Wilhelm Meister (1795) provides a good starting point for Manzoni. The analysis of the formation of the young Goethe, in fact, is no stranger to the conception of the character Renzo that, during the novel, mature and enrich his experience, up to consolidate a confident personality.

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Theme played free of the Betrothed

Renzo

Young who was born and raised in the limited environment of his country, knows life only in its most simple and usual, the hard work and strength of the affections. Orphaned at a young age, is used to look after himself and has created an honest job, a security for himself and his chosen bride, Lucia. Good-natured, but has a fiery temperament, prone to sudden shots and rebellions, which, however, the duration of the storms in May, soon to come and will soon dissipate. It is exuberant, rather than arrogance. Renzo is not devoid of a natural intelligence and cunning to help him at critical moments, but perhaps not enough when it is immersed in the problems outside of his village, lost among the city walls. Renzo is inclined to judge others with optimism, but when it is sure to be the target of the rebels against injustice, setting in motion his cunning. Against his rival, Don Rodrigo, lashes out furiously, but in the end his balance and his faith in God led him to forgive.
Lucia

young woman, whose characteristics, physical and moral, are among the less obvious given that there is attributed to a human subject and a character in the novel. Lucia is not passive as it might seem, she is so strongly opposed to anything that his conscience may approve nopn actively acting in one direction only, that of good, using the weapons of faith, prayer and work. Humble guy, the people, which does not prevent the modest home of a noble house in the soul of feelings and ideals to be envied by people of higher birth and culture, she is conscious of its duties as a woman and a Christian, that a strange fate brought in the midst of a series of sinister intrigue, of terrible events. Sensitive to the recall of emotions and the voice of nostalgia, a prey to fear the most dramatic moments, it never leaves you in despair, but instinctively finds within himself resources to restore balance and peace of mind. Agnes


middle type of woman who, as you can find in the countries of Lombardy. His strong character and quick, combined with a life experience that perhaps she overstates the door to a security assessment that does not always prove accurate, and his concern and love for his daughter Lucia, veiled by a privacy right of people accustomed to a simple life and reduced to the essential values, ease of speech and spontaneity, are a distinctive brand. Profile alive and true, can now sympathetic to the speed with which you have to help her daughter in the attainment of his happiness. Although, thrust by too much security, you tend to see only one side of reality, his optimism has prompted it to devise new solutions for the triumph of justice and the good of Lucia. Father Christopher


friar of the convent of Pescarenico, not far from the land of two betrothed, he is the spiritual leader that relies Lucia. His rebellious nature, but at the same time generous since he has already outlined, not yet a monk, named after Louis. Accustomed from an early age all'agiatezza and luxury, fueling growing habitual pride that leads him, like his father, to rail against the hostility of the aristocratic world and vain, conducting an open war against his rivals and siding side of the weak that they had suffered an injustice. This attitude will take him to the famous duel from which will come with the conviction of his vocation. The figure of the monk grandeggia, not as that of a higher being, but like a man among men, who lived his experiences and has formed his own character in the middle of the seventeenth century complicated world. In him, alive and real image, you can see the symbol of the eternal struggle between good and evil, between spiritual and material power and strength, supported by a faith without borders, is bound to triumph. What he first worked in the service of human justice, is now operating in the service of the divine and in this continuity lies the real humanity character. The last image we have of him, with the signs of the end face, is that the hospital, to serve the needy, as in all his life. Cardinal Federigo


At the time of each other is Archbishop of Milan and was visiting the country dell'Innominato in the days of Pentecost. A man of exceptional resources of will, intelligence and religious zeal, he really knows how to apply the principles of Catholic religious life, offering a good example of the good work. Modest, frugal, humble, must struggle against his own environment in order to assert its principles and devotes his life to charity and study, so as to be considered one of the most learned men of century. The solemnity of the character comes from waiting in celebration of the country, its value from the talks, first with the Unnamed, then with Don Abbondio, his modesty and humility encounter with Lucy, with people of the country and with children . We find it later to help the people during the famine and pestilence. Unlike other "good" of the novel, for which goodness is an achievement, he is free from all humanly weaknesses, integrity, great, perfect.


Unnamed Unnamed The figure is one of the most psychologically complex and interesting novel. Character historically existed in which the author does have a spiritual drama that traces its roots in the depths of the human soul. The unnamed evil figure whose evil perhaps more than repugnance commands respect, which is the powerful Don Rodrigo is aimed to implement the plan to kidnap Lucia. In the grip of a profound spiritual crisis, the Unnamed Lucia sees the encounter with a sign, a light that leads to conversion, and only in a similar spirit, incapable of middle way, a crisis can lead to inner transformation. During the famous night in which Lucy is a prisoner in the castle, the desperation of the Unnamed is the culmination, so much to do think about suicide, but then the thought of God and words of Lucia save him and show him the way of mercy and forgiveness. Don Rodrigo


Signorotto invaghitosi Lucia that, just on a whim, want to have for himself. He represents the human expression and the symbol of his age, is not of a particular charge, but is one of many nobilotti age, any. His character, not at all decisive and firm, passively and faithfully reflects the flaws and the social injustices of the time when he is called to live. Not given him a genuine description, neither physical nor moral, although he is the manager of the whole affair, we know him through the symbols and attributes of his power and his authority, his palace, his servants and his actions. Evil genius of all the action, confident that his social position and the support of influential people to guarantee impunity, know only one law, one of the strongest. Although it is evil, does not have the courage of his actions, concerned about the consequences they have. After threats of Father Christopher, probably willingly give up the evil plan, but persevere just a matter of pique and pride seeing themselves forced to seek the aid of those most wicked of him, who really knows how to do wrong, the Unnamed. Unfortunately, the conversion of the latter turns the story, and Don Rodrigo will cpstretto to leave, to hide, until the plague did not seize and ultimately leads to death in hospital at Milan. Don
Abbondio

Cure the village of Renzo and Lucia, should unite in marriage but is threatened by Don Rodrigo, try to avoid at all costs to celebrate the wedding and will do so only at the end of the novel, when all danger is gone. The life of Don Abbondio unfolds in the orbit of Don Rodrigo and under the influence of his chief defect, fear. Her story is nothing but the story of his fear and all the events through which it unfolds. Petty, petty, selfish to the impossible, is not bad man, but not good, he lives in a limbo, haunted by fear, obstacles and see where there are also pitfalls and anxiety and concern of being able to escape unharmed renders him incapable of taking a position between good and evil. Even when, for a brief moment, the words of Cardinal seem to awaken in him a light, this fails to reach the upper strata of his consciousness. His character, as well as creating various ideas of comedy, is not without a certain meanness that he proves to the satisfaction of the narrow escape. Gertrude


The nun of Monza, home to Lucy in his flight from his native country to escape Don Rodrigo, is a character that the author describes extensively as if the tale of a woman's life in some way he tries to find a justification the evil done to her and the evil that still will. The vocation of choice sets and makes Gertrude unhappy woman and subject to sin but at the same time in every gesture has been identified as a sense of guilt that winds among the tangles and the passions that stir the spirit. It 'just that deaf conflict between abjection and guilt that give the character of the Nun of Monza its tragedy. She has yet to overcome the problems he had as a child, problems arising from being denied life which was destined for his temper and not being able to fight to enforce his wishes. The envy he felt as a child for his more fortunate companions of her evidence yet for someone like Lucia, leads a life in the world to her and barred the door to such a pitiable envy and revenge as he can, using his authority and making evil.
Some secondary characters

* Tonio: Tonio is a farmer friend of Renzo, who with his brother Gervase took part in the attempted marriage of a surprise. Type whimsical, enthusiastically accepts the proposal by Renzo because he knows that in return will receive the satisfaction of the debt he had with Don Abbondio. He belongs with his brother Gervase, of that secondary world, made up of humble and unfortunate. *
Griso: The Griso is the head of Don Rodrigo's good to which companies were assigned + risky and evil, in fact, the Griso is a charge of having kidnapped Lucy. Proves adept at disguise and then to believe in to Agnes who was a beggar in order to study the details the plan. All other good act to its every command, we can sense his evil nature, not only from the mission entrusted to him but also by sinister and sometimes disturbing way in which Manzoni presents him. *
Menico: Sunday and a young boy about 12 years because of some cousins \u200b\u200band in-laws was the grandson of Agnes. It is naive, partly because of his age, but shows a certain liveliness mixed with joy. Menico fulfills the mission entrusted to him by Agnes thanks to the money offered by the woman.
* host: The host is a character that is presented in chapter 7 of which we do not have any kind of physical description. It is a vile man who looks like Don Abbondi some sections, he In fact, when questioned by Renzo to get an explanation of who were the sinister strangers, meets twice that does not know them and that his job would enable him to tell the facts of its customers. Later, questioned by the good, indicating their Renzo, Tonio and Gervase additional indication of their work and their character traits. He can not leave the circle of his private interest, is intriguing, and mischievous rascal. The host was so close to most men and sided with those who had the appearance of rascals.

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What has changed since the Betrothed Fermo and Lucia?

something very substantial. Not only does the characters change their name (Fermo bobbin becomes Renzo Tramaglino, silk spinner, as indicated by the last name, is called Lucia Lucia Zarella Mondella; between Galdino, cappuccino, which protects the engaged couple, took the name of Father Christopher, the Earl of Churchyard receives the mysterious name of the Unnamed, Marianna De Leyva becomes the anonymous nun of Monza), but decided cuts are introduced to the narrative. The stories of two historical figures par excellence (because they are the result of a fussy consultation chronicles of the time), that the nameless and the nun of Monza, are shaded and small. Of these figures the reader does not know all the facts, but only the basic information: in-depth consideration is the sounder psychological, to the benefit of the poetry and charm of their personalities. In fact, the story of the girl nun for strength in Fermo and Lucia is so vast as to constitute indeed "a novel in the novel, which displaces the reader and makes him forget the central thread of the narrative. In addition, immediately after the endless odyssey of the nun, there appeared the dark count of the Churchyard, who was also behind a long biography, true digression in which the reader is immersed in the violent world of seventeenth-century assassins. But the result is a big drawback: when, after pages and pages, returns to the poor Fermo, then that is the main character, seems almost an intruder does not know where it rained. In addition, as noted by the Friends of Manzoni, which shows an excessive welcomed aspects truculent, turbulent, violent characters. For example, the author illustrates the exaggerated realism of the Count in an enemy ambush in the churchyard, or dwells in describing the murder of the nun in the accomplice within the walls of the convent. Speaking no word
the murky background of the nun and leaving only imagine the past of the Unnamed, the novel acquires a greater elegance and stylistic consistency, and the characters are more mysterious, inwardly rich, multifaceted, credible and strong with an incredible ability to recreate the suspense. Only Don Rodrigo
remains unchanged, in fact, is worse. It seems that Manzoni really wants to make him the embodiment of evil for a whole century. In Fermo and Lucia, in fact, he is shaken by a passion for the girl and lives a tremendous crisis of jealousy of Fermo. His persecution, after all, stems from a feeling that could, if not justify, make humanly understandable. In preparing the next, however, the obstacles that stand in the way to the wedding come from a futile challenge concluded with his cousin Attilio, shallow and arrogant like him. Some scenes
effect, as the death of Don Rodrigo, who is crazy about the contagion of the plague and throws himself into a furious ride through the hospital, are rebalanced, muffled in suspense, to the benefit of the harmony of the narrative.
Even from a structural standpoint The Betrothed are partly modified by the movement of some blocks of narrative: the two episodes of the nun of Monza of the Unnamed and are separated by the insertion of the adventures of Renzo in riots in Milan. Twenty-seven
edition of Manzoni also implements the cuts agreed in the more specific methodological and historiographical: dissertation, abolish the problem of the language of the novel and takes away all the documentation of the processes and spreaders (allegedly responsible for the spread of the plague in Milan) that found in the acts reported by the press in Milan. This documentation, which is of great interest, will be enucleated and elaborated in the History of the column infamous, published in 1842 as an appendix to the last and definitive edition of the novel.
There are, finally, the additions: a few, but useful to infuse the novel that tone of realism, enhanced by a subtle humor that tempers the drama of some episodes. For example, the author invented the soliloquy of Renzo in flight to Bergamo, is looking for an easy to ford the Adda. It is a masterpiece of psychological insight: those who have never talked about himself, in an agitated and aggressive when he concocted himself suffered an injury?
One of the first reviewers of the novel is excited Wolfgang Goethe, but quickly follow very positive reviews of French writers such as Stendhal (1783-1842), Alphonse de Lamartine and authors who are languishing in prisons in Austria, as Pellico ("As the consoles see Manzoni's Christian without hesitation, servility, without transaction co 'prejudices of ignorance," writes by Spielberg in 1829).
The years between 1827 and 1840 are dedicated to a careful language revision of the work. The author has long been interested in the language issue that is debated in Italy since the thirteenth century is dealing with Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) in De vulgari eloquentia if they occupy important treatises of the sixteenth century. In fact, the Italians, divided politically, they feel united in culture and in the nineteenth century aspired to a literary language that is national. Tradition additives in the Florentine idiom's finest peninsula. So
Manzoni, who wants to make his novel an Italian opera, and Lombard, mobilizing the family to move to Florence for some time. He needs to "ears" the Tuscan spoken by the educated classes, and determinants for frequent adjustments to the language of the narrative.

Will A Bell Dish Work With Shar Direct

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is the season of returns: first to arrive in the country was Renzo;

Pasturo back to Agnes, now back Lucia also accompanied by the merchant, fellow hut inside the hospital. Great is the general joy. The family Tramaglino can now constituted. And to make arrangements Renzo goes to Don Abbondio: considers that it should be wide open but did not deal with the fear that the priest, or induces long considered that Don Rodrigo is still alive, feels the threat of which were made good by the two messengers he met during the afternoon walk . Abbondio Don still has some objections to make, the difficulties must be interposed. He says that results for the good of Renzo. To break the deadlock came to the castle-palace of Don Rodrigo, the Marquis who is the heir. The warlord is dead. Don is like Abbondio released; become friendly, generous, kids: it's a big weight lifted from his chest. The new owner of the property which belonged to Don Rodrigo is sweet person, human, does compensate to some extent the two promised to buy him a price to be increased by their few possessions. Finally, we celebrate the marriage and the Marquis invites the couple to dinner at his palace: he places himself in a room with Don Abbondio, another husband and wife. Good yes, but always Marquis! Then follows the journey in the new country, in Bergamo, where Renzo becomes small businessman. But his pleasure is mitigated by bitterness that give the new neighbors who do not find to their taste Lucia, made the center of many adventures. He had been seen as a magically beautiful creature: and instead is a young woman like many others. A release from disgust Renzo there is a second transfer to another country where, together with Bortolo bought a small mill. Here things get better in every respect. The family is more united and more peaceful Renzo. Children who are born the joy of Agnes. Of all this sometimes tumultuous affair as the sauce? The couple agreed to conclude that there are troubles and can not be avoided: only trust in God sweetens them and makes them useful for a better life.

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Renzo has just crossed the entrance of the hospital,

that time almost melts from heaviness long dominant on the city turns into a strong storm. The water was a bucket. But Renzo not be held back or away: a new, lively, brisk life seems to have awakened in him and pushes him tireless to your home country. Must order several things and everything should now prepare for the arrival of Lucy, so she takes care of the wedding. Walk through the night and the morning is in the house of the friend, feeling almost too liberation from a nightmare, to see smiles Renzo reduced so badly. He does eat and tell you word for word for all the adventures of the last days. Dried and rested the next day he went to Renzo Pasturo: there is Agnes and she also tells the story of Lucy and the dissolution of the vote. Then on foot and irrepressible goes to Bergamo and to search for Bortolo home married will move there. Finally back to the country and spent a few days now chatting with Agnes now working on her little farm. Renzo manifested the intention to sell his vineyard and his home. Lucia, meanwhile, with the shopkeeper now healed, he moved into this house. Lucia learns from her Gertrude and ugly life that led to the monastery. He also knows of the death of his guests, and Don Ferrante Prassede woman. They had died as a hero of science: he was convinced that the fever was due to an influx, against, stars, and then did not take any precaution, one day he went to bed and died with a last look at the stars, whose doctrine was believed to feed.

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departed from the deathbed of Don Rodrigo,

deeply moved in spirit, with the emotion we feel when pressed by the impression the dead or dying folded there thinking of us and the sense of life, Renzo resumed along the leper his search for Lucia: like finding a needle in a haystack. At the center, as a reference point and convergence, the chapel with a central plan, with a porch running around without sight of the altar from wherever you may turn toward it. Meanwhile, the procession of healed or healing is initiated, it begins to gather around, led by his father Felix, who turns to the sick or convalescent, and greets them before they return to their homes, the usual occupations. They are the survivors of a terrible epidemic devastating: with what feelings are healed now to look at life? With a clear conscience, says father Felix, who they obtained life as a gift from the gods employ in works that are at the same welcome. It will help you experience all brothers suffering to give all of the saved the sense of transience of existence with the joint understanding that the law of the world should be that of love. After the procession, Renzo starts in the wards reserved for women, started to despair when it seems, placing himself next to a hut will be a unique voice heard: that of Lucy. He recovered and the usual generous impetuosity wants things back to normal. The vote, which still insists that it would respect Lucia, he seems to be the result of a troubled mind, then something incoherent. Against the cut, steadfast Lucia's opposition, there is no other that can dissolve the difficulty that Father Christopher. who called, hear the whole story by Lucia's vote, he realizes that it is flawed but noble gesture origin: it was done without taking into account that she had promised to Renzo and in times of great turmoil. If you can, the vote may be lifted. And so his father Christopher and pronounces the formula of melting together gives them both a warning and advice: they can return as betrothed to the thoughts of the past, but remember that life must be spent in pursuit of the good and the suffering must arrange a 'collection and quiet joy. So farewell to the brother, now with the face the signs of impending death. Lucia is to assist the merchant in the hut that was attached. Renzo decides to leave immediately and go in search of Agnes. The first time was muggy and foggy and path from the noise of thunder, now seems to want to precipitate in the form of storm

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The air becomes more humid, the sky is

a blanket of humidity heavy, when Renzo enters the military hospital: a collection of huts and buildings hairpieces, stand up for the occasion, along with other masonry. The impression is that of lair marked by a large swarm produced by healthy and the sick crew and crazy, crazy for the plague, by people variously busy. Dominates throughout the organization imposed by the cappuccinos and the other, a model order while taking into account that we must administer, comfort, cure, or sixteen thousand well-plagued start to the cemetery. The general view is that which arises from a place that is a condensed, a container of which bears great suffering on the air and the sky hazy. The first group of patients, placed apart, inside a fence, is that of children reared by cows and goats, some are babies and need constant care and attention. Many women cured of the plague shall be responsible for supervision of children, but also goats, as if aware of the great suffering, meek offering their milk to children. It is a slice of humanity which will survive and endure in spite of everything seems to start to death or despair. And in an attitude of father who cares for their young long after Renzo sees the beloved image of Father Christopher. Affectionate meeting between the two. The father having been for years in Rimini, for higher pressure on has got to be recalled to Milan and be used to serve the sick. Renzo's is a brief summary of his adventures and tells of being in the military hospital in search of Lucy. Could it be, if he is still alive in the compound assigned to women: it is forbidden to enter. But the father the dates authorizing the good intentions that animate it. But Lucia is alive? If it is not alive, Renzo says he is ready to take revenge on Don Rodrigo, who is the source of all his misfortunes and Lucia. At this point, his father scolded him Christopher and the law of revenge contrasts with the Christian law of forgiveness and charity. He, who has experienced the murder of a man, you know what dry is the way of revenge and how humanity away from God and therefore the search for a justice system that imposes death by death. True justice is a charity which compensates for the death of a man with the ideal growth of new humanity. Renzo believes are willing to forgive his opponent. And the brother takes him to a hut where shows Don Rodrigo dying here as we have reduced the one who wanted to become a master of another's life! And the father does not know whether the gentleman in those conditions for a punishment or an act of mercy of the gods.

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fever takes even Don Rodrigo

if discovered upon returning from a party one evening where he had celebrated ironically died Count Attilio. Asks for help to call a doctor because Griso: Griso Monatti called instead. Lazza that lead to cancer. But before the master died from the plague also struck the Griso. Renzo also falls ill of fever, but the strong peasant fiber saves him: after his recovery he decided to return to his country in search of Lucy. No one in utter confusion, will care for him and his face justice. Greeted his cousin Bortolo, cross the Adda and looks to his country. Reign everywhere the signs of death, abandonment, suffering. Meet in a shirt that says Tonio nonsense: the disease had made him look like an idiot and that his brother strangely neutral. From a corner move saw a black thing, you don abundance that has lost Perpetua: it is poorly made but is concerned about the presence of Renzo. source of trouble for him. Agnes knows who fled to Pasturo, Lucy says she is in Milan at the home of Don Ferrante. Others do not know, one thing would: Renzo dond'è come back as soon as possible. Renzo also passes next to his vineyard now reduced to a rabble of plants, vilupponi climb, with brambles, a jumble of legs. It seems too invested in and disrupted by the plague. In the evening, finds refuge in a friend's house. The next day he decided to go to Milan in search of Lucy.

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To join Milan Renzo no particular problems:

enough money to get a quick consent of the guard. If out of town what sad campaign, part of the entire arid and uncultivated, in the city are impressive silence and the distressing signs of the plague, as a destructive power that overwhelms everything, leaving behind corpses and rags. About Renzo to reach the main house of Don Ferrante searching for his Lucia. It has no general indications that with him. A passerby, who with good education requests information, it walks away with bad grace with eyes bulging and shouldering and threatening with a knotty stick, it found an anointed king. Renzo's attention is then drawn from the invocation of a woman surrounded by her children and closed in and seized the house from the outside considering it a carrier of plague, administrators had closed, as is done for the quarantine and had forgotten . Likely to die of hunger. Renzo gives her a little bread at its disposal: it shall be responsible to warn someone. Shortly after he met a priest who ends up confessing to a patient. Entrusted to him and the woman asks him about the location of the house of Don Ferrante. But as it flows through the neighborhoods of the city, from the peripheral to those of the center, Renzo encounters horrific scenes of suffering and death: the stench of dead bodies everywhere, visions of solitude and abandonment, locked all the doors of the road, all rags, and signs of a gradual barbarism of the minds and costumes. Renzo when coming to town, it had the plague lost two thirds of the population. The streets were deserted: the few who walked the need for taking all precautions to avoid infection and to avoid encounters with the fabled spreaders. Wagons were driven by Monatti for the collection of sick or dead bodies. At monatto a poor mother delivers the dead body of his daughter: she abandons the car in recommending that you let it. Shortly After facing a balcony with a boom in 'other child, she also marked by fever. Renzo won the commotion starts toward the house looking for: the window overlooking a woman who tells him that Lucy is not there, which was taken to hospital. And nothing else responds to Renzo, who wanted more precise information and kept his hand on the hammer of the undecided door, the clutching and twisting. The gesture did not escape to a woman passer-by, a sort of witch who holds him up to the crowd as infector. Caught in the middle of the crowd Renzo first threat with a knife, then jump on a bandwagon Monatti passing by. Monatti I take him under their protection: the crowd dissolves in discharging their anger impotent gestures that threaten yet the alleged infector. Renzo on that wagon now finds itself in the most shocking and vile forms of plague and not just the dead bodies thrown on wagons to give the impression of something hellish, but also the Monatti who indulge in a sort of sadistic satisfaction the many people who die canzonacce and sing and drink and give some form of diabolical orgy. One of them is a poor untorello Renzo, one that certainly can not be an anointed king. I do not have the second monatto the fierce conditions. Now I'm the leper: Renzo thanks and goodbye. Within the military hospital that was struck was the crowd of patients, on whom the plague, even if they survived, leaving sometimes frightening signs of degradation. The group is most striking is that of insanity, of dazed. A sudden scene is that of a horse with a dome on its back a rider, a leper mad: running behind the Monatti: then wraps everything in a cloud of dust.

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Political authorities wake up and ask for action by the governor

least expenditure on health measures to support the English State. Governor replied that there can not do anything: he is engaged in the war in unique ways. We think the deputy governor Ferrer. And with all these authorities do not know much to suggest that the use of the supernatural expect miracles. And so they put pressure on the Cardinal because it authorizes and lead a solemn procession. The Cardinal would not want to, but then relents. The large and solemn procession takes place on the main streets of the city: we have all the people that still hold up: patients expect sudden and positive solution of the disease. But the contagion from store helped unleash an even more dramatic in the power of the plague patients increased dramatically. In the end, will die of plague two-thirds of the population. Most vulnerable to death were children, old people, women. In the military hospital is a bustle of patients who are made to flow and deaths that are started to mass graves. The city is crossed by wagons driven by Monatti, responsible for the collection of patients: these are people who had the plague and it is immunized. Indulge in looting, to violence, to orgiastic scenes. The surviving population lives in the state of mind of who it is constantly threatened by a mysterious and devious and powerful enemy. They all live in fear everywhere we think we see the spreaders. And the intellectual level is lowered to such an extent that even people of high feel like the cardinal or the Tadino you believe.

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Political authorities wake up and ask for action by the governor

least expenditure on health measures to support the English State. The governor replied that he can not do anything: he is engaged in the war in unique ways. We think the deputy governor Ferrer. And with all these authorities do not know much to suggest that the use of the supernatural expect miracles. And so they put pressure on the Cardinal because it authorizes and lead a solemn procession. The Cardinal would not want to, but then relents. The large and solemn procession takes place on the main streets of the city: we have all the people that still hold up: patients expect sudden and positive solution of the disease. But the contagion from store helped unleash an even more dramatic in the power of the plague patients increased dramatically. In the end, will die of plague two-thirds of the population. Most vulnerable to death were children, old people, women. In the military hospital is a bustle of patients who are made to flow and deaths that are started to mass graves. The city is carts driven by Monatti, responsible for the collection of patients: these are people who had the plague and it is immunized. Indulge in looting, to violence, to orgiastic scenes. The surviving population lives in the state of mind of who it is constantly threatened by a mysterious and devious and powerful enemy. They all live in fear everywhere we think we see the spreaders. And the intellectual level is lowered to such an extent that even people of high feel like the cardinal or the Tadino you believe.

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retired from the army but leaves behind not only the devastation

a negative sign of frightening destructive power: the plague, which then seemed to be constantly present within armies. The first victims were found in the territory of Lecco. An Italian soldier in the German port militant in Milan. First to notice and give the alarm to the authorities calling for precise and rapid intervention, was the proto (a sort of Minister of Health) Ludovico Settala: he had direct experience of being free for the past 1576. People seem to get my head in the sand and not believe: we say that it is an 'epidemic of various kinds due to famine and the hardships caused by the invasion of lancers. There is a kind of escapism. He is so afraid of words, instead of the plague, it is called pestilential fever. The governor Ambrogio Spinola (Don Gonzalo had been replaced), occupied by the war, responding to the authorities that they did. he has more important things to think about. Reopen the leper you see every day fill of patients: most of them die. The hospital, due to the ignorance and inefficiency of the political powers, under the direction and administration of the Capuchin friars: they strive heroically to the sick, many take the plague, most of them die. But the plague does not is only an evil in itself, not only sowing suffering and death disturbs the mental life of the people and to start the wildest beliefs towards Pirrazionalità. Not finding the real cause of the epidemic, people devise and gives credit to some unfounded reasons and causes: one thinks and believes that going around the spreaders who, driven by political motives or evil murderous tendencies, and spill things greasy imbrattino things and public places. Who has fallen, take the plague. It is believed to have tortured some who found they said guilty were opened to death and where was the house of one, a column was erected with the task of remembering the generations following the disgrace of so heinous gesture.
fever in Betrothed

The plague broke out in 1629 was the culmination of an incredible series of events very unpleasant place in those years in the Duchy of Milan. In fact there had been previously first famine, the war of succession to the throne of the Duchy of Mantua then. And the war has been the cause of this epidemic.
fact, the Duchy of Venice had hired to win the war, and then expand the domain to the realm of Mantua, a famous army of mercenaries, the Landsknecht, soldiers enjoyed a bad reputation, because where they spent bringing destruction, and often and willingly, and serious illnesses. Well, since the Lanzichenecchi came from 'Austria, arriving in Mantua doverono pass from Milan, and took the opportunity to pillage, but unfortunately they left the plague. This terrible disease to 'start was not considered by anyone, but when he began to do the dead people began to wonder what it was. Some have cried to the plague, the governor, however, classified as a normal "pestilential fever", almost a trifle.
But now the plague had taken root among the people of Milan, helped by poor sanitation and famine. So many people died, and we finally decided to take precautions. The city still is not infected were isolated and no one was let in, but in Milan the situation was now infected sharply.
fact there was medicine for fever, if you walked into the middle, or healed or died. In most cases, however, we remained dry. The plague, then it is highly contagious, and you can take just touching the clothes of the sick, and then just spreads like wildfire through the undergrowth. And so it was for Milan. The Church, have the opposite effect, made the long processions and rituals, but had the opposite effect to that intended: in fact, gathering together all those people, and not infected, the epidemic will spread, and Milan was in the throes of fever.
were thereby established the hospitals, infirmaries, where they tried to treat the terminally ill, a special body of immune the plague called "Monatti," who were paid to carry away the bodies from the houses and burying them in mass graves.
They, however, often took advantage of their authority, and robbed the houses of the dead. For this reason, were seen by the wrong people. Then there was the rumor around the spreaders, people infected and anointed with oil the doors of the houses of citizens, infect. For this reason, many innocent people were killed, that, by behaving oddly or simply asking for particular things such as plague spreaders were taken and killed.
The population of Milan while he was in the grip of this confusion, was decimated. Fortunately, after a few months, the fever went away as it was coming.

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The time you spend on security in the castle,

Don abundance if the ruin of the siege and the fear that haunts him: wherever he sees threats to his safety. If he can not speak for prudence and complain with the others, is unleashed with Perpetua and Agnes, who is a bit 'the bear, a little' the blame. Lacks for nothing: the Unnamed respects him. But he needs to complain against the two gossips that have dragged on so much risk. He seems to be between two fires, as it has been rumored that the Venetian troops make the scroll bands no less devastating than those of the lancers. Agnese and Perpetua spent time working for the community. Meanwhile, the great procession was marching German troops march into Mantua. Last to go were the troops of galaxies. Back security and people return to their homes. The last to leave, almost snatched from the castle which now gave him so much security, you don abounds with two women. For the Unnamed gives Agnes a heap of shields. As they approach their own country are all marked by the fury of the soldiers. A whole house ransacked, all soiled, the hidden stash is gone. And this fact gives cause for renewed conflict between the priest and Perpetua.

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devastating arrival of the army of mercenaries,

political and military ally of the Spaniards, but authentic storm for the population exposed to the looting and all forms of violence go unpunished, even the locals don Abbondio escaped to areas deemed safer. He must flee: Perpetua and urges him to get out of torpor and give a helping hand, rather than fill the house with lamentations portray himself as unproductive and abandoned by all. Agnes suggests a safe haven: the castle of. Before leaving Perpetua has been buried under a tree a few treasures of the house: it is considered smart, too. As usual do not agree with his gesture Don Abbondio. En route stop to visit the tailor and his family: they are greeted with much celebration. Welcomes them with lordly kindness even the Unnamed. Who prepared the castle to defend against the mercenaries. should not pass unless groups of stragglers or latecomers. In the castle there are many people and this worries Don abundance that in fact sees this as an invitation to the mercenaries. The concern is the fact that I 'Unnamed you put unarmed at the head of his former good and go to defeat a group of mercenaries that was too close to the castle. But what dominates everywhere here is the figure of the Unnamed now converted and fully intended to businesses in defense of the weak and fight against injustice. All those who now, forced by German forces, took refuge from him admired him and looked ecstatic. He was never stopped: in and out of the castle was always moving to see, to appear, to bring order and to monitor and give courage.

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Throughout the year, until autumn 1629 the general political situation

did not undergo major changes. After the tumult of S. Martin seemed plenty back in Milan. But it was a matter of days: the calm of the bread came with a higher price in relation to the scarcity of grain. The small amount of flour that had to be administered by providing for equitable distribution was wasted and the State was unable to import enough grain from abroad. It was believed that with the hanging of four men believed responsible for the riot find the things. Instead things got worse, but there was no uproar, the people almost instinctively felt the impossibility of radical improvements and changes. Hunger sluggish even the most generous. The famine feared during the autumn and winter showed up with his face devastating. Everywhere shops shut, streets a course of relentless misery, more and more beggars, enhanced by the many unemployed, more and more people who, dressed in rags, emaciated, gaunt, sometimes unable to stand on his feet, begging. Even people who had been well and had enjoyed a comfortable now seemed crushed by hunger. The most painful was provided by the country people that hunger had driven home now squatting at street corners or in long processions farmers felt it impossible for the city to provide for them. More and more became the dead. Few aid by the most attentive and generous souls. Heroic action of the cardinal who instructs young and active priests to assist the most affected. But it's always patches. It took the action of the State, however, was completely absent or inadequate. Against the opinion of the Court of Health from storage in small spaces who feared an outbreak of 'epidemic, it was decided to open the Lazzaretto. The people there was a minimum of food assistance: we were taken to force even those who opposed the admission. But death by contagion assumed considerable proportions: hence the decision to postpone the hungry outside. At last the spring came and began to find something.
But another tough blow and fell on the population. Because the Spaniards could not be right for the Gonzaga of Mantua, the Empire of Germany to Spain, sent an expeditionary force of mercenaries fierce, even crossing the territories of friends and allies with the same destructive effect of locusts. The people of the arrival of mercenaries from the strip of land invested their passage ran away from home looking for shelter to the mountains. And the sufferings were not over.

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Chapter 28 The Betrothed The Betrothed free theme played Chapter 27

The war for the succession of the duchy of Mantua,

he had seen every day northern Italy involved in the European war that is called the Thirty Years' War, committed entirely to the attention of Governor Don Gonzalo. They feared that Venice would take the field against Spain: it was necessary to try to distract her by the strong voice against the Venetian Republic. And the opportunity was given to Don by the news that Renzo Gonzalo had taken refuge in the territory of Bergamo. Hence the fiction of the research conducted to determine whether Renzo was really in Bergamo. It was a formality: Renzo became a bureaucratic practice. The power, he did not notice, because it was only a pretext. But Renzo, while also changing the name and residence, went into hiding, he knew experience that the political power it could not be trusted. Only one thing haunts him: to get in touch with Agnes and Lucy. Unable to find a trusted and die one day receives a letter along with fifty pieces of Agnes: Lucia was said in the letter, he could not marry him anymore because he had a vow of chastity. You put your heart at rest and waiting for his own business. Which Renzo pleaded not willing to do. Its sole purpose was to induce Lucia hours at the wedding. Lucia, meanwhile, had found in the home of hospitality Prassede woman, a woman who just could about her husband, Don Ferrante, an intellectual who defended herself from her closes his books. So Prassede woman vented her will to overdo things and his desire to do good at any cost (but strangely coincided well with his concept of property rather wrong) to people like Lucia who had left astray. Otherwise you could fall in love and had to explain to someone like the young Renzo who nearly had escaped the gallows and that surely must have been a little good, if he was wanted by police. Thought dominant woman Prassede was to free the mind of the image of Renzo and Lucia because she often spoke in harsh and unjustified: Lucia inevitably had to defend so aggressively and so its Renzo if confirmed more inside. And more and more intensely the image of the besieged him, always result methods of education of women Prassede. There was nothing to fear from her husband, Don Ferrante, a scholar of great class had so many books and his attention is on sciences such as astrology and Duellist, where he became an authority. It was the kind of abstract letters, useless, formalistic, who can not tie science and reality, culture and society.

Pattycake Black Shower

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Don Abbondio not find arguments against the relentless

religiously and always practical applications of the cardinal. There is another accusation against him: that of not marrying the two promised to use excuses. It's all true, and he, the cure within itself has nothing to say that sending a few words of condemnation for women who have not been able to curb their language. But still, the priest contends, what I could do in a situation like that? First, says the cardinal, had to do his duty and marry them, then he could have sought the intervention of his bishop (the same thing he had suggested to him Perpetua). But Frederick is not to make the Inquisitor understands what the fabric is nice and while not forgiving understands and encourages him to hope and comfort to the resistance in the name of the great values \u200b\u200bof religion: our life should be measured and benchmarked background of earthly things but of the eternal afterlife. Dall'Innominato meanwhile come to the cardinal a letter with a hundred crowns should be used for Lucia's dowry. But that, when pressed, now revealed to his mother's vote: the calls for patience and to send half the money to Renzo. Renzo which the State of Milan nobody knows anything: not even the Cardinal managed to get precise information. The fact is that the police had asked Milan to Venice to search for known offenders. Renzo, warned, at the suggestion of his cousin Bortolo had changed residence and last name: he called himself Antonio Rivolta.

Milena Velba Gallerij

Chapter 26 The Betrothed The Betrothed free theme played Chapter 25

Don Rodrigo had not yet fully tasted the joy of the transfer

father of Christopher, which descends upon him the news of liberation and the subsequent conversion of the Unnamed Lucia. The people will soon rebuild the die which leads to him, nothing else can do that run in Milan, followed by the shame of failure. Moves away from the country and threatening his shadow there arrived to visit the cardinal, always cheerfully accepted, especially since the miracle he worked there is an implied their village. The only party is so dull in Don abundance, which makes the duties of the host so impeccable. But it's attention, the Cardinal will have been informed by someone on his responsibilities in each of the two promised? It seems the attitude of the Cardinal can infer that he knows nothing. The focus now shifts to the bishop Lucia is entrusted to the care and Security Prassede certain woman, a woman of considerable wealth and power, offering to do good to the young. The cardinal gave his assent. Lucia And so some time later, has to move again: this time will stay in the house of a woman Prassede. Things brighten for Lucia yet nothing that says the mother of the promise made to Our Lady. But the storm thickens on the head of Don Abbondio. The cardinal knew and cared for in an interview calls on his activities. But it seems to care that things could not get otherwise: he had been threatened with death by Don Rodrigo and this was reason for him to cause him more persuasive than ever in need. The cardinal who opposed the duty of every priest is also to address death for the implementation of its ideal. But Don Abbondio replies that things could go in the direction of the cardinal, only if you had to do any account of life. But what can you do to earn the good against people who have the strength and who do not want to listen to reason? But then he added the cardinal, sure to be engaged in a ministry that requires you to be at war with the interests of the powerful, sinners? And to defend the poor, the dispossessed, the parishioners who were under your care what you did? You've loved to have abandoned them or sacrifice to the powerful, the injustice, the conquerors?
Discussion on Women Prassede

The couple tailor-good woman fresh from hosting Lucia enters into the castle of the story, which continues to unfold around Lucia, another couple who, unlike the first, modest social status, belongs to the nobility, as they say the names - and Prassede Ferrante - be of those noble Milan came from Spain and that, as they had in hand political power, thus arrogated to themselves the title of model behavior and morality. And something of this attitude comes out in spagnoleschi Prassede woman that wants to be a woman who knows what is good, what others should do, so he claims, in a world of deviance, the missionary task of redressing the distortions. The affinities between the two pairs are few and are reduced to two husbands who practice with books, so amateurish a tailor, in a professional and robust Noble. Attention here is focused on Prassede woman, a woman of few ideas, most of them wrong, but she was more fond of these. It was led by two stars: that of feeling predestined to do good and lead men, the people, for the good of which she was authorized interpreter and without doubt, and that the injury according to which men and women who were in dissonance with the authorities of the state or affective relationship with the dissidents should have TARE that only those who had, like her, the gift of truth, could treat and cure. In the process of education are interested in the intellectual and moral life of the subject: what was descended from the belief that his action was a response to the privilege that allowed the creator. It was said animated by love for others, for the dispossessed, for the compromises in error: and this part is the prototype of her lady love, that between the noble commitments which plays with the same complacency and indifference also that of 'love and to give aid to those it deems it worthy. Of similar types of women's charity, aristocratic occasionally pays a visit to some den or a fixed day of the week, and no one else, for alms, Manzoni was a certain type in the poems of his compatriot Porta, operating between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. This is a kind of woman who is considered the bearer of truth, the actual charity, of fidelity to the Gospel. And here's keen to reveal the spirit Manzoni in women, as women Prassede, there is a false and immoral, and especially anti-Christian. What characterizes this benefactor is the vanity, pride of caste, the superiority of the aristocratic, the absence of genuine charitable work, too much self-confidence, a willingness to impose on others the principles we believe in a second line of action and justification which can be traced to the Jesuits of the sixteenth century, and their educational systems based on authoritarianism and the reduction of the pupil to the model they set. "Defect Capital Prassede woman is short, as ironic as well say the same Manzoni, the sky to take his brain, namely the lack of charitable sympathy and respect for human connection to others, humility and skepticism about itself, the Christian Manzoni, who so well knows the misery of our minds for so long has not pondered the man's weakness and enlightened by grace, can not argue with this arrogant enough: we must judge, correct, resume, and 'God knows what we would do the same in the case, what we have done in similar cases, 'says Frederic Borromeo, who is a saint, Don is Don Abbondio abundance, but no woman Prassede will never say those words, which will never think of being among those that can be judged, corrected, included "(Petronius). faccendona But this, so conceited and no doubt, be so sure of the interpreter of religious truth and moral" door his sentence in itself "and with it you mean" that for her there is no hope of salvation. "In his comparison, a great sinner as Gertrude's safer hopes to redeem himself, because where there is misery, tragedy interior, there quell'insoddisfazione that gives the sinner a sense of weakness and therefore the chance to reform. And remember Gertrude is not misplaced. While it is disinterested in the fact Lucia and try to help a stranger in her tenderness of good, much to atone for even a little curiosity about its troubled history when I come to love and Renzo passionaccia Don Rodrigo, the woman had Prassede into her head that Lucia, as a no-good girlfriend, something he had, and when you know it, instead of correcting this bias, if it convinces more and more ... And here is the explanation of the severity of the moralist, that does not apply to a woman Prassede an intellectual type of the eighteenth century, but is perfectly consistent with the authentic Christianity, which is lenient to the poor in spirit, including those who sin against overwhelmed by passions, but uncompromising against the sin of pride, the greatest of sins against God, that of Lucifer and the presumption is a special kind of pride.
depth look at the tailor's house

Throughout this part of the chapter, if the scene continues to focus on Lucia, who with her leads, almost underground seam line, other characters here, even if marginally, called, the place that unifies the various moments is the tailor's house. One of those houses are not luxurious or miserable, modest, simple, but with the sign of the confidentiality of human warmth, order, cleanliness, harmony, much like the Manzoni satisfy his taste "of democracy and his love values \u200b\u200bfor resting and rewarding, for the corners where life seems rather than locking them up and beat tumultuous rally to the defense and preservation of intimate things. "Inside the house the good woman who is the lady's gentle ways, do not feel anything for the inconvenience to guests, seeking to consolidate and free from anxiety Lucia adventure amazing, it shows caring, is in a corner during the Cardinal's visit that she knows how to have character Lucia. And there the children make their appearance, with something hard and joyously petulant, with the enthusiasm of those who live an exceptional adventure. But the whole house is dominated by the tailor, not size of letters, the man who stands out among the common people of the country because can read and write and has some books to read, and believed to have been screened by the malign fate in a situation that is not his. And the wait is finally unleash the power of fact and its culture to talk with a real writer. And in his imagination, who knows how many times he had formed the image of himself sitting among the learned, all aimed at recognition of his culture and his personality. And at the right time the whole building collapses and he falls down with the building: it is taken from care; of the many unconventional phrases he previously selected one and come to his lips the insignificant and for life will continue to besiege and act as a constant reproach: that's not in bad shape will be cleared from memory. And here by the humor Manzoni has a moment of human compassion and understanding: this is the end of a painful failure. And another character returns: Don abundance is not only alive during their brief conversation in the street that intersects with Agnes, but also in the words of this complaint to the cardinal of the cowardice of the priest, the religious duty of disobedience: this opportunity for attack and continuing with another episode, that the conversation between the priest and the cardinal. But at this point of the episode is imposed Agnes for three of his actions: he has the courage to report to the cardinal sins of the priest, pronounces this phrase full of good sense considering it and found not a pervert but a weak, repeating the fact that a man would have behaved the same way, says that in an unjust world (and the cardinal approves) the rascals unload the blame on the poor and that they are always wrong. And in his conversation with the cardinal well it detects the difference between spiritual and Lucy Agnes: Agnes is a great woman, but she misses her daughter's modesty, jealousy, intimacy religious, ethical thoroughness, in one sentence, full compliance and good instincts to the law of the Gospel encoding. It is therefore natural, and is in harmony with the nature of working-class lively and talkative, this accusation against Don Abbondio fractious, expressed confidence in Frederick and folk with words of wrath for the penalties to which the cowardice of the priest has left her and her Lucia. Manzoni and understands and sympathizes, so that comment just a short and jocular reproach Ah, Agnes! Even the little lie that Agnes with her a little moral 'accommodative affords.