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Theme done to Betrothed

In the opinion of the Director of Museums Manzoni di Lecco

prof. Gianluigi Dhaka, when the Manzoni said in his novel to have been inspired by historical events found in the manuscript of an anonymous, told the truth, only the hero of those events was his great-grandfather, whose name was Mary James, who lived in the area of \u200b\u200bLecco in the first half of the seventeenth century. The documents are in the family of the writer.

Here is the story that almost begins around 1610. Lecco and Valsassina were the zones of maximum production of iron around the Duchy Lombardo. Two prominent families, the Manzoni in Lecco and Barzio (headed by James just Mary) and Arrigoni of Introbio (led by Emilio), controlled the entire production of iron mines and foundries of Valsassina workshops to produce muskets and cannon balls. They had a lot of employees, very strong financial resources and solid connections with the political, administrative and judicial. Each made use of a true legion of "good" talks aimed at resolving the business with the weapons of the threat of kidnapping and even murder. The two families were the sole control of the blast furnace of Premana, a structure which employed 150 people.

In the State are the acts of two long and complex legal proceedings. One concerns the procedure for murder against Mary James, accused I did kill a Arrigoni, a women's issue. In the other accused person is always Mary James, but this time on charges of Arrigoni is to be an infector, that he had sent around the Monatti to anoint people or things with infective material, to destroy the family of the Arrigoni ( the plague broke out in Milan and Lecco in 1630). · Was the Senate of Milan who, concerned about the spread of the plague, the lawyer Marco Antonio Bossi commissioned to conduct a detailed investigation. Monatti three were arrested and subjected to torture, confessed who he was the instigator. At the end of the long trial they were convicted and executed, but Mary James, with its guards, managed to get by. The court had decided a charge of investigations from which it turned out he had been the victim of the rivalry of Arrigoni. But these did not surrender in 1640 and finally managed to dull the Manzoni.

Now the similarities with the novel are very clear: *

almost all of the facts narrated are the same;
* sites are the same;
* like the protagonists of the events and characters supporting actors;
* the same historical period;
* the similarities stand out especially with the first draft of the novel and the history of the infamous column;
defense attorney James * Maria, describing Emilio Arrigoni, use phrases that are the same Manzoni uses to describe the count of the churchyard in Fermo and Lucia;
* Giacomo Maria's behavior is identical to that of Don Rodrigo,
* tales of the plague are similar;
* description of how it is decided the sentence to James Mora died in the infamous column is identical to that which gives the Bossi as a memorial to the ruling of the three Monatti.

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Free Inspiration Theme played a free Introduction The Betrothed

Alessandro Manzoni's The Betrothed began writing the

April 24, 1821, while he is with his family in the beautiful villa Brusuglio, set in the countryside, not far from Milan. Times are tough: the Austrian police in the city is shutting down, a one, the Patriots affiliated to the Carbonari secret society. The year before he was arrested and now Peter Maroncelli are ongoing processes in which employees are also involved in the Conciliator, including the editor of the newspaper, Pellico (1789-1854).
Many of them are friends and acquaintances who hopes Manzoni, in his refuge, not to be involved or required to undergo lengthy interrogations.
has with him some books: Stories of Giuseppe Ripamonti Milan (1573-1643) and the rate of Melchiorre Gioia (1767-1829) on trade in edible and high price of food, where he reads the passage of a proclamation (law enacted by Governor of Milan, so called because it was shouted in the streets by public officials in order to inform the public, often illiterate) of the seventeenth century, which imposes severe penalties for those who would prevent the celebration of a marriage. Within forty days
Manzoni extends the introduction of jet and the first two chapters of the novel, in reality, is identified in the mind for some years and represents a real challenge, for its formal novelty and content. Reconstruct the process of designing, drafting and revision of this masterpiece also means opening a section on the cultural life of the nineteenth and dive in the fascinating phase of Italian culture that follows and supports the early stages of the process of national unification.

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Theme played free creation of the Betrothed

idea Manzoni The Betrothed

reading a proclamation of the seventeenth century, reported by Melchiorre Gioia. It's the same entered in the third chapter of the novel, about the penalties faced by those who would prevent the celebration of a marriage. "You know what it was that gave me the idea of \u200b\u200bThe Betrothed? It was the screams that came under the eyes to combination, and I do read, in fact, Dr. Renzo Azzecca-tangles to where they are, among other things, criminal penalties against those who threaten a priest because I'm not a marriage. And I thought, this would make a good subject for a novel (a thwarted marriage), and for the grand final plague that fixes everything ", write Manzoni, years later, his stepson Stephen Press.
been years of hard work. So imagine Peter Cited intent in his creative effort: "It was the happiest period of his life: the only, perhaps, happy that he knew ... He was intrigued and amused by what he told, and for the first time discovered bring the joy of adventure, intrigue to dissolve, to play with the facts ... even the neuroses and nightmares for some time seemed to loosen their grip on him. "
Getting to the novel? What are the inner urgencies that close to this type of production, almost absent in Italy, considered even with a kind of sufficiency by intellectuals, one directed towards an audience non-bourgeois "experts"? In fact
Manzoni understand that neither civil nor the lyric theater that meet communication needs "broad range" that is his deepest yearnings. Indeed, the characters of the theater and becomes almost symbols, stand in a sphere which involves abstract meditation existential Adelchi is a hero, locked in the circle of his sublime pessimism. How many readers can identify with him, while sharing the principles and aspirations?
The novel, however, presents itself to the general public with a simpler language, a story compelling, lifelike characters for their very human reactions. The genre of the novel is the literary image of the class bourgeois is a public non-elite and yet eager to read. Thank
Fauriel, during the second stay in Paris, Manzoni has known the works of Scottish Walter Scott: with him it comes to historical fiction because the sentimental lives of the protagonists are lowered into well-defined historical periods and mostly in the Middle Ages, reconstructed with a certain reliability. Ivanhoe is in the fertile vein of Scott's fiction, the most famous novel, published in 1820. As you can see easy to read, Ivanhoe is set on the juxtaposition of good and bad persecuted persecutors, who will find the right punishment. Love, long mortified and nearly canceled the arrogance of "bad", the end results in marriage blessed. Alessandro Manzoni includes the huge potential of literature contained in the novel. In Italy this experiment is not yet completed. Runs only the epistolary novel by Ugo Foscolo Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis (1817), partly autobiographical character, where the theme of love that unites the country subservient to an alien. James, disappointed in the hopes of marrying his beloved and disappointed that the Treaty of Campoformio of 1797 the Republic of Venice has fallen into the hands of the Austrians, kills himself.

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Theme played for free in Enlightenment Italy

Late Eighteenth century was a particularly happy

for the cultural life of Milan in Lombardy, in fact, passed in 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht, under the control of Austria, liberated from English misrule. Monarchs open to reforms, such as Maria Teresa and his son, Joseph II of Habsburg, introduce innovations that give, in the decade 1770-80, the first positive results. We recall in particular the creation of geometric cadastre of immovable property which places the ownership of land on a sound basis, adjust the tax revenue, provide facilities to the most enterprising farmers, without damaging the aristocracy, which is based on the rational exploitation of its wealth of fertile Po Valley.
intellectuals, mostly of aristocratic or upper-class extraction, are called to work together: they receive positions of responsibility and sometimes they are accredited consultants to improve the legislation and the opportunity to control key choices in monetary or business relationships.
Pietro Verri (1728-1797) is a convincing example of this intellectual figure fell into civilian life: called to be part of the Government in 1770 for tax reform, gets the abolition of private tax collection contracts. As president of the Chamber Magistrate (the equivalent of the finance department), strives to better reorganize the tax system. Meanwhile, spread in Europe that he enucleates new ideas in the Meditations on Political Economy (1771).
The cultural movement of the Enlightenment (so named because the intellectuals who trust solely in the light of reason) was born in England and spread rapidly in France, Italy and elsewhere in Europe. The Enlightenment enhance a working culture, which supports the development of science and technology. Recall that the most significant work of this movement, the Encyclopedia (in 17 volumes published between 1751 and 1772, plus subsequent volumes of plates), receives from its founders and organizers, Denis Diderot (1713-1784) and Jean Baptiste d'Alembert (1717-1783), a significant subtitle: Dictionary sciences, arts and crafts, by an association of writers. It together with articles and papers on various items, the most prestigious names in French of the time: Voltaire (1694-1778), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755) , Claude-Adrien Helvetius (1715-1771), Étienne de Condillac (1715-80), Paul-Henri D'Holbach (1723-89), the naturalist George-Louis Buffon (1707-88), economists Robert Turgot (1727 -81) and François Quesnay (1694-1774).
They spread newspapers on the model of the Spectator (1711) John Addinson of English, an information tool for the public at large, and the unscrupulous Tatler ("The Tatler") by Richard Steele.
In Milan this culture, progress-oriented, attentive to the practical problems of man, ready to intervene in the management of the public interest, is attentive interlocutors. Thus was born the Company of punches and a periodical, The Cafe, published from June 1744 to maggio1766. They are distinguished by commitment and number of interventions, the brothers Alessandro and Pietro Verri (1741-1816), but the employee is the most prestigious Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), the author of a real best-seller, the Treaty On Crimes and Punishments (1764) which shows the ineffectiveness of the death penalty and torture in the prevention of crimes.